Against Happiness by Jim Holt Essay -- Against Happiness, Jim Holt

Jim Holt fails to label happiness as yet another social evil in "Against mirth", an essay in the sunday magazine of the New York Times from June 20, 2004. In this essay Holt argues that "Sad people are nice. Angry people are nasty. And, especially enough, happy people tend to be nasty, too." This presents an intriguing, counterintuitive arguement to his readers, and while this is definately an intresting arguement to engage in, Holt falls short of convincing me of happiness darkside. Sometimes he seems to just be rambling- this penning feels more the likes of a discussion than an arguement, many times in the essay he reports evidence which may be convincing, if it wasnt immediately deflated by counter evidence or the authors own cautiousness, and worst of all, the report used to support his otherwise irresitable thesis, doesnt support it at all.     The appeal in "Against Happiness" seems to be purely emotional. It seems that Holt beliv es that if the reader questions happiness enough, and gets sideways enough about the definition of happiness, they might be confused and paranoid enough to start beliving that maybe, possibly, if happiness were like that, and if happy people might do that, then I guess it may be possible that happiness could be bad in a certain circumstance. According to Holts research, happiness is a mood, an "everything is fine attitude that reduces motivation for analytical thought", "positive affect" (Holt later comments that "Elaborate scales have been invented to measure mortal happiness, but researchers admit that difficulties remain), "well feeling", "a shallow and selfish goal", "a psychiatric disorder" (although Holt rebuffs by saying "that may be going a bit far"), and "An agreeable sensation arising from contemplating the misery of another" (Holt again steps back, "theres no need to be that cynical"). Thats a confusing combination that leads to a very loose definition of happiness, which makes this a difficult arguement to follow.      The evidence Holt uses might work if he didnt undermine it by wondering(a) it or prividing a counterpoint. He seems to be overly cautious, almost like hes having a hard time believing it. On one hand, "the United States consist... ...al. mayhap it was just an overlooked mistake by Holt, but considering that NYTs fact checking department was involved, and considering Holt writes in trusted, widely circulated publications like The New Yorker, The New York Times, and Slate, this is a mistake he simply should not make.     Holts misuse of evidence, poor use of other evidence, lack of support, lack of definition, and almost neutral stance make his arguement impossible to get behind. His heart and soul comes across unclear, and Im still not sure what to think of it. It lacked the power to illicit an immediate response from me , and Im sure many other readers. Please do your readers a favor Mr. Holt- next time you decide to kick an idea around, dont stake your claim in bad science, dont convince by confusion, and please use slight "journalistic caricature".DeSteno, David, Dasgupta, Nilanjana, Bartlett, Monica Y. & Cajdric, Aida (2004) Prejudice >From Thin Air. Psychological Science 15 (5), 319-324Misreporting Science in the New York Times Against HappinessBy Martin E. P. SeligmanJuly 29, 2004http//learnv.ycdsb.edu.on.ca/lt/FMMC/hpteacher.nsf/Files/mcmanad/$ commove/auth2.html

The Problems with Farm Subsidies :: Economy

The Problems with Farm Subsidies Subsidies are payments, economic concessions, or privileges given bythe government to favor businesses or consumers. In the 1930s, subsidieswere designed to favor agriculture. John Steinbeck expressed his dislike ofthe farm subsidy system of the United States in his book, The Grapes ofWrath. In that book, the government gave money to farms so that they wouldgrow and sell a certain kernel of crops. As a result, Steinbeck argued, legion(predicate) people starved unnecessarily. Steinbeck examined farm subsidies from apersonal level, showing how they pine the common man. Subsidies have avariety of other troubles, both on the micro and macro level, that shouldnot be ignored. Despite their benefits, farm subsidies are an uneconomicaland dysfunctional part of our economic system. The problems of the American farmer arose in the 1920s, and variousmethods were introduced to help solve them. The United States stilldisagrees on how to solve the conti nuing problem of agriculturaloverproduction. In 1916, the number of people living on farms was at itsmaximum at 32,530,000. Most of these farms were relatively small (Reische51). Technological advances in the 1920s brought a variety of effects. Theuse of machinery increased productivity while reducing the need for as manyfarm efforters. The industrial boom of the 1920s drew many workers off thefarm and into the cities. Machinery, while increasing productivity,was very expensive. Demand for food, though, stayed relativelyconstant (Long 85). As a result of this, food prices went down. The smallfarmer was no longer able to compete, lacking the capital to buy productivemachinery. Small farms lost their practicality, and many farmers wereforced to consolidate to compete. Fewer, larger farms resulted (Reische 51).During the Depression, unemployment grew while income shrank. An extended drought had aggravated the farm problem during the 1930s (Reische 52).Congress, to counter this, passed price support legislation to assure aprofit to the farmers. The Soil Conservation and Domestic parcelling Act of1936 allowed the government to limit acreage use for certain soil-depletingcrops. The Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 allowed thegovernment to set the minimum price and amount sold of a good at the market.The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, farmers were given price supportsfor not growing crops. These allowed farmers to mechanize, which wasnecessary because of the scarcity of farm labor during World War II(Reische 52). During World War II, demand for food increased, and farmersenjoyed a period of general prosperity (Reische 52).

How do pre-1914 writers create a sense of suspense, mystery and fear? :: Free Essay Writer

How do pre-1914 writers create a sense of suspense, mystery and fear?Comparison of three short novelsThe Red Room is a very good ghost story that was written by H.G Wells.The story was intended to be scary when it was written and it usestension, atmosphere and a scary plot. Without these come across features itwould not succeed as a successful ghost story. The reason for this isto entice the reader by giving them small clues so it does not smashthe plot away, but you have to read on because it does not give enoughaway only small clues, so it is still a mystery.The of import thing that helps create the good atmosphere for a ghost storyis that it is station in the old castle. It is occupied by the three oldpeople. Theyre described as custodians.The candles that are situated round the castle excessively helps createatmosphere because it shows that it is in the night and most ghoststories are set at night and it then in turn provides an eerieatmosphere.At the beginning of the story the old people help add to theatmosphere by saying the things that had apparently happened there inthe Red Room in the past. These things include This night of allnights, this makes it sound like it could be a event of anniversary ofwhen something or someone had died or an event happened and this nightis the worst night to go to the Red Room.In which the young Duke had died. This shows you that somethingapparently had happened at the castle, a person had died in the RedRoom which adds more evidence to there being a ghost being in theroom. This then starts to make The Red Room a better ghost story.And are you very going? This shows that the man cannot believethat he is going to The Red Room.Other things such as the travel also turn out to be a good way ofbuilding atmosphere in the story. The way to the room is deliberatelya long trip because if it was just up the corridor then there wouldbe no suspense about the room and what can happen on the way to theroom.The darkness of the journey also helps to create a ghostly atmospherebecause it makes the littlest things look like the scariest things asin the dark things are not portrayed as what they really are.The ornaments and conveniences of the room about them were ghostly.The silence of the journey helps to create echoes which add also to

Bitter Sweet Symphony by Erin Flannery :: Music Creative Writing Flannery Essays

Bitter Sweet Symphony by Erin Flannery True, it was a exhausting decision when I was decided which of my classmates papers to choose as the one. I considered a question when trying to decide. I asked myself, What purpose this time capsule lead serve? My answer told me that the song inside this time capsule must be one that can still teach a message magic spell telling the future generation something about our time. I believe the culmination to this answer was found in Erin Flannerys Bitter Sweet Symphony. The title is reasonably self-explanatory when it refers to the word bittersweet. That is what life is. We cant expect only the good or the bad. Life is a heterogeneous potpourri of both. Yet this mixture comes together in a harmonious conglomerate that is altogether something beautiful. We have the chance to give the future generation a gift. We can give them the answers originally they encounter the questions. We can give the help theyll need before they need it. No ones perfect when dealing with life. Were only present for a short time, why not make it the best time you can? Life throws things at bulk and one has to be able to negociate and learn to solve them as best as they can. As Rolling Stone eloquently put it, the lyrics address the need to cope (Wiederhorn). In life, people are going to encounter problems no matter how hard they try to get around them. This song recognizes that fact and addresses it. The impartiality seems hard to come by these days. In my life, it is something I strive to give and receive. Theres no telling how many times one person has been lied to. Lets just not mention that whole Lewinsky thing. Bittersweet Symphony donates the truth to the future. No sugarcoating or hiding of facts takes place. The lyrics say, try to make ends meet youre a slave to money then you die . . . As life is, the song is inclusive of the good and the bad. Without the bad, how would we know of the good and vic e versa? This common thread of truth connects us and the future.

Essay on the African American Dream in Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon

The African American Dream in Song of Solomon Like most Americans, African Americans have developed variations of the American Dream. Many African Americans induce that their dream differs from the traditional American dream in that there is no immediate success. Sometimes the dream consists of equality via liberty or literacy, while at other times it is a simple desire to know self through historical connection. In Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon, Milkman was literate and had many options for further education, if so desired. Milkman was apathetic toward education and work. In fact, he was not sure what he wanted from life. Initially, he thought the best thing for his life was to leave his family and home. In order to do so, he needed money. His father, Macon gives him the task of searching for a looker of gold in his Virginian hometown. Macon fought Pilate for a particular bag of gold as children, and Macon believes the gold remains in the original location as it was when they were young. Milkman wishes to locate the gold as means to accomplishing his goal to touch financial independence. While on this by-line, Milkman discovers his true dream, to discover who he really is and his family heritage. Milkmans version of the African-American dream is one of uncovering the past, a past that has been cover and lost through slavery and post-abolition renaming. Where his grandfather and father choose to leave the past behind, Milkman chooses to retrace their steps. Through Macon, Milkman has been fed numerous variations of history. Pilate, his aunt, continues much of the same distortion. He is unsure of history and reality. In listening to his fathers story, we read of Milkmans feelings, Deep... ...ng his dream. With no immediate success, as occurs in the traditional American dream, Milkman sought to work towards the goal with longanimity and determination. Once he acquired the dream or a part of that dream, he turned around and gave back to his people, fam ily and friends, in an effort to help those around him. Milkmans story, describes the quest for the African American dream of equality, and in that, exercising his inalienable rights. WORKS CITED De Arman, Charles. Milkman as the Archetypal Hero. Obsidian Black Literature in Review 6.3 (1980) 56-59. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. clean York The Penguin Group, 1977. Peterson, Nancy J. Toni Morrison Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. Rice, Herbert William. Toni Morrison and the American Tradition A Rhetorical Reading. New York P. Lang, 1996.

Plato Essay example -- essays research papers

The great philosopher, Plato, wrote two specific dialogues the book Timaeus and the book Critias. Plato was a professional instructor who valued intelligence immensely. Plato founded the first Philosophical Academy in Athens in the early fourth century BC. He devoted his life to school of thought and the teachings of his friend Socrates. Plato learned from Socrates and passed on his knowledge to his students. After his friends sudden death, Plato became dissatisfied with the government in Athens. He filtered away from his family and lived his dream of researching and teaching philosophy. Plato focused on many philosophical aspects and wrote numerous dialogues. In the book Timaeus, Plato spoke of the beginning of the world and the creation of living creatures. Plato believed the human body and soul were created with slender, divine planning. In the book Timaeus, Plato described the Father of the universe as a very masterful being and a divine planner of the human body. Plato revea led that the Father told the other(a) Gods to create mortal figures of them. Plato recalled the words of God, There are three kinds of mortal creature yet uncreated, and unless they are created the world go forth be imperfect, as it will not have in it every kind of living creature which it must have if it is to be perfect (57). The Father of the universe is very precise in the way the beings are created. He tells his Gods to use the mixture from the soul of the world to create the ...

Plato Essay example -- essays research papers

The great philosopher, Plato, wrote two specific dialogues the book Timaeus and the book Critias. Plato was a professional instructor who valued intelligence immensely. Plato founded the first Philosophical Academy in Athens in the early fourth century BC. He devoted his life to school of thought and the teachings of his friend Socrates. Plato learned from Socrates and passed on his knowledge to his students. After his friends sudden death, Plato became dissatisfied with the government in Athens. He filtered away from his family and lived his dream of researching and teaching philosophy. Plato focused on many philosophical aspects and wrote numerous dialogues. In the book Timaeus, Plato spoke of the beginning of the world and the creation of living creatures. Plato believed the human body and soul were created with meticulous, divine planning. In the book Timaeus, Plato described the Father of the universe as a very masterful being and a divine planner of the human body. Plato re vealed that the Father told the other(a) Gods to create mortal figures of them. Plato recalled the words of God, There are three kinds of mortal creature yet uncreated, and unless they are created the world leave alone be imperfect, as it will not have in it every kind of living creature which it must have if it is to be perfect (57). The Father of the universe is very precise in the way the beings are created. He tells his Gods to use the mixture from the soul of the world to create the ...

Bowlby’s research Essay

The matriarchal deprivation hypothesis was developed in perspective second world wartime and Bowlbys research was based on children that were extremely traumatized, having possibly lost both parents at war. As a result a lot of children ended up in institutions which much than than likely had substandard conditions and numerous untrained carers. It is very important to bear in mind the circumstance of that time as there was a national need for family life to be recreated and stabilised after the war.Thus, Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis was interpreted as an opposition to the employment of women with young children and therefore the use of mean solar day-care facilities. It is important to acknowledge that Bowlby was primarily concerned with the welfare of children and that his theory of maternal deprivation vie a huge role in reforming child care practices by pointing egress the damaging effect of been cared for by numerous staff.In the years since as yet, the mater nal deprivation hypothesis has been largely discredited in light of subsequent research which suggests that some separation, for example some time in a luxuriously quality day-care, whitethorn not necessarily have long-term effects on future consanguinitys. Bowlbys monotropic model of chemical bond has also been highly criticised as recent demonstration is revealing that children do form attachments with more than one adult, in particular with fathers, siblings and other adult carers with whom they have developed a stable relationship. explore has shown that children generally favour their fathers company to the company of a unsungr. According to Lewis (1986) the attachment alignment between a father and child is dependant on the quality of their relationship, that is, a child with a sensitive father that is focused on their needs will develop a stronger attachment bond with them. Nonetheless, in measure of distress infants are more likely to seek out the comfort of their m other over their father (Lamb, 1981).Given the changing times and the steady increase in the proportion of flexing mothers, it is necessary to focus more on the effects of multiple attachments and specifically to the childs relationship with adult caregivers other than parents and relatives. Studies however, carried out by Tizard and Rees (1975) and Tizard and Hodges (1978) caution that while children can be cared for and attached to more than one adult, having a large number of caregivers may have an adverse effect on their ability to develop close relationships.Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis was further developed by the work of Mary Ainsworth (1969), who devised a method for observing and assessing the attachment behaviour babies display towards their mothers/caregivers. This is known as the Strange Situation (ED209 TV4 programme) and is essentially a method for measuring a one year-olds attachment to its mother and assessing how the child reacts to separation and more importantly to reunion with its mother when placed in a middling stressful situation. Briefly, the experiment involves taking mother and child to a strange room and observing the childs responses to the introduction of a stranger, the mothers departure, reunion with the mother, leaving the child alone for a few minutes in the room (most stressful event), and leaving the child alone with the stranger. Researchers classify the maternal-child attachment relationship based on the childs behaviour during reunion with the mother.Ainsworth suggests that attachment relations fall into three categories securely attached, uncertain-avoidant and insecure-ambivalent infants. Sometimes an additional phratry (disorganised) has been used. According to Ainsworth securely attached infants explore freely when their mother is present and use her as a secure base when a stranger issues. They come up to her warmly on reunion and show a clear preference for her over the stranger. Children who do not behave this way, for example by clinging (insecure-ambivalent) or been more detached (insecure-avoidant) during reunion with their mother, are described as insecurely attached.Ainsworth et al (1978) believed that children who are separated from their mother, for example children who attend day-care, are likely to form insecure attachments. This is supported by Belsky (1988) who, it is interesting to line of credit, revised his conclusions regarding the consequences of placing children in non-maternal day-care. Initially, he believed that day care did not effect a childs attachment to his/her mother, however subsequently in his review of a number of US studies, he concluded that children who are subjected to more than twenty hours a week of non-maternal day-care in their primary year of life are at risk of developing insecure attachments.It is important to note that although the strange situation technique has been widely used by Belsky and others to assess the quality of a childs attachment to its caregiver, it may not however be the best method for comparing children who experience day care with those who do not. Belskys conclusions regarding day-care have been disputed by Clark-Stewart (1988) who argues that the differences in attachment styles between infants attending non-maternal day-care for less than twenty hours a week and more than 20 hours a week are not large enough to conclude that working mothers put their children at risk of suffering from psychological problems.Furthermore, she points out that children who attend day care are used to separation and therefore react differently on reunion with their mothers than children who are with their mothers all day. Thus, children may appear detached not because they are insecure but because they are more independent and more accustomed to been separated from their mother (Clark-Stewart, 1988) .Like Bowlby, Ainsworth believed in a universal model of attachment however, evidence from cross-cultural resear ch on secure and insecure attachments carried out by Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) revealed cultural differences in the mother-child relationship. This evidence questions the validity of using the strange situation method to measure and compare attachment in different cultures. For example, children from Japan showed intense distress in the strange situation when separated from their mother, as in their culture children are never left alone at twelve months.These cultural differences highlight the importance of contemptible away from a universal model of attachment towards a more cultural perspective. Bowlbys ethnocentric perspective, which sees the biological mother as the all-important soulfulness for the infants first attachment, has received a lot of criticism and has been branded as a Western cultural construction by some psychologists. It is interesting to note that out of 186 non-industrial societies Weisner and Gallimore (1977) found that, in only five of these soc ieties was the child (almost) solely looked after by the mother Moreover, research carried out in different countries showed the granny as having a special and unique attachment to the child due to her long life experience and wisdom (Tyszowka, 1991) thereby lending support to a more polyadic model of attachment.

Contrast Between High School and College Essay

A good education is an important part of ones life. In order for one to accomplish his or her goals and rich person a good education, this individual need to attend both high up enlighten and college. I find both high give lessons and college to be very different although some people think high school has a lot in common with college. My first year of enrollment into college, I bill sticker that there are many differences between them. These differences include responsibilities, atmosphere, and freedom.To begin with, there are many ways in which the responsibilities of both t all(prenominal)ers and students in high school differ from teachers and students in college. Its been cleared to me that high school teachers are much stricter and they provide more rules for the students to follow. Teachers are responsible for making sure each student obeys these rules and carry out disciplinary actions for those who did not obey them. One example in which a teacher has draw offn on a d isciplinary action was when a student was tardy or skipped their scheduled and they end up doing extra class work and homework or getting detention.I always felt like I was getting pushed to accomplish things in high school. I as well as remember having rules like no eating or drinking class. Chewing of gum in class was never allowed. Meanwhile in college, teachers are different. You are treated like an adult. The instructors in college expect you to do the work and arent constantly pushing you to do assignments. They expect you to have assignments done you either do it or fail. Another difference between high school and college would be the atmosphere.Even though high school teachers are strict, this doesnt seem to change how seriously some of the high school students take their studies. The high school students do behave sometimes as elementary school children. They mostly argue and fight among themselves in the cafeteria, hallways, and even outside the school building. However, students are more mature in college, and take their studies seriously. Each student in college knows why there are in school and so they do not pay any attention to others business or getting involved.Sometimes if you get into a fight in college, you screw easily termination your scholarship or financial aid. In high school, there was less freedom. You would have to attend class early in the morning each day. You cant change your schedule. Students in high school are obligated to attend. In contrast, student must attend through ambition and hard work. College also offers a lot of freedom. College students could easily change their classes depending on their schedule.

Freudian Reading on “Othello” Essay

Freudian Reading on OthelloIs it possible for another(prenominal) great deal to proceed as our superegos? What are the effects of neer resolving your oedipal labyrinthian? And when a situation becomes to over whelming, do we project our thought and feelings on to our peers? I am using Through the Literary Looking Glass Critical Theory in Practice by Sian Evans and Othello by William Shakespeare to analyse the characters Othello and Iago as well as the major theme green-eyed monster through a Freudian lens. The aim of this psychoanalysis is to try and give a better understanding of the characters motivations and unconscious(p), narcissistic desires. The theme jealousy is revealed by both these characters throughout the range shows us how we need to be well rounded people, and the effects this has if we are not. The source act of Othello begins with the marriage of Desdemona and Othello in Venice, Italy. Here we see a black, middle aged man, marry a fair, young, Venetian woman in front of an velocity class white society. (This was highly frowned upon at that point in history). As the play harvest-tide Iago suggests to Othello that Desdemona is sleeping with Cassio, and tries to corrupt their marriage.This behaviour attends somewhat childish coming from a grown man and shows us how Iago doesnt use his superego to throw his id, as well as displaying his immense jealousy of Othello. However Othello believes what Iago is saying, as he has a reputation of being an honest man. Iago continues to insinuate Desdemonas dishonesty to Othello and provides fake evidence. Othello gets increasingly green-eyed by the poison that Iago is telling him and becomes so overwhelmed by this jealousy that he goes back to his natural instincts, resolving issues through murder. This is a result of him joining the army at 7 and since then all(prenominal) he has known is war. The play ends with Othello acting on impulse and under the influence of his violent superego, murderi ng Desdemona, and then Iago after he realises Desdemona was innocent. He then proceeds to commit suicide as he believed this act would be considered noble, restore his reputation, and relieve his conscious consciousness of his violent actions. Othello is a mentally and emotionally decrepit character in the play. He joined the army at a young age and gradually became recognised in society as something other than a then a middle aged, black moor, due to his high rank in the army and then marrying Desdemona.Howeverwhen a supposedly honest Iago starts suggesting Othellos wife is unfaithful, he is easily able to mentally catch Othello through him never having resolved his oedipal complicated. Othello had never resolved his oedipal complex because we see him give his mothers handkerchief to Desdemona. Freud describes this as a method of transference and Othello is transferring his repressed love for his mother on to Desdemona. Iago then acting as Othellos id then reveals Othellos murd erous superego which was caused by decades of warfare. We visually see this in the play when he says How shall I murder him Iago when Iago implies Cassio is sleeping with Desdemona. Here, Othello is too showing that his oedipal complex is still not resolved by transferring his repressed emotions on to new objects through his desire to murder Cassio (being the father) in order to be neighboringr to Desdemona (being the mother). Later in the play we see his superego again when Desdemona (the woman he loves) becomes his enemy and he kills her. This act of murder was purely out of jealousy and the fear of him losing his reputation he has worked so hard for. Yet she must die, else shell betray much men, Shows us how Othello is subconsciously protecting his soldiers.Though a Freudian perspective it appears that Shakespeare has used Othello as a character to show us that if you are brought up with murder or warfare when you are young, you might never be able to overcome your violent sup erego as you get older and the detrimental effects this has. Shakespeare has also shown us how sublimation is applied through Othello, as he is someone that has the urge to hurt and kill and thus joined the army, so that the act of killing is morally justified by protecting their country or soldiers. He may not kill the person he wants to kill necessarily, but they will release their feelings by killing the enemy, if unless these feelings are manipulated by an external factor (Iago). Although many years have passed since Othello was written, people can still relate to it because human nature does not change. We all question those who are close to us, and whether or not they are honest and loyal. Shakespeare is using Othello to warn us of disastrous consequences that may arise when you are manipulated by a person (Iago) that capitalises on the jealous nature of another human. Iago is an extremely jealous character in the play. He is envious of Othellos reputation, higher rank in the army, wife, and that he is more respected in a white society than him even though he is middle aged andblack. This shown through the quote But for my sport and profit. I hate the MoorHe has done my office. Reputation means to a lot to Iago, and overall thats all he cares about most, which shows conceit and racism in his character. He believed that Othello robbed him of his reputation. We see this through the quote But he that filches from me my good name, Robs me of that which not enriches him, and makes me poor indeed.Iago doesnt use his superego to control his id so his urges and desires are unrestrained. This is shown throughout the play in his successful attempt to corrupt Othellos marriage. Nearly one hundred per cent of the time when Iago is with Othello he is using reverse psychology to act as Othellos superego and make him more jealous of Cassio O beware, my lord, of Jealousy It is the green-eyed monster. This is displaying two perspectives on Iagos physiological state. Eit her Iago has zero control over his id, and just lets his jealous mind run wild. Or, he chooses not to control his psychopathic mind with his superego. This results in him tricking Othello into consciously thinking hes jealous when he unconsciously isnt. For example, when Othello asks for living reason (proof) that Desdemonas been disloyal, Iago tells him about an erotic dream that Cassio supposedly had one night while he was lying in bed next to Iago. In sleep I heard him say Sweet Desdemona, let us be wary, let us hide our loves. After Iago tells these rumours he then covers his tracks by deceiving Othello. An example of this is when he says Men should be what they seem which is humorous coming from him, as he is not what he seems. He is deceptive and believable, and for Othello that is bad news for someone who is so easily jealous and mentally frail. He hath a person and a smooth dispose, to be suspected, framed to make women false. The Moor is of a free and open nature, that thi nks men honest but that seem to be so This quote is reinforcing how Iago believes Othello will be easy to manipulate and deceive.Through this psychoanalysis we have a greater understanding of Iagos motivations and unconscious desires. We see how he projected an overwhelming amount of jealousy he had for Othello on to him, and even though he thought he was in control of the situation and that he would come out on top, it led to both of their demise. For Iago jealousy played on the trust he developed in his affinity with Othello and whether Othello would believe him. However even though Othello did believe and trust Iago, Shakespeare still shows usthat jealousy destroys relationships and consumes the mind.My psychoanalysis of Othello has given me a new understanding of the play for a different perspective from what I would normally view it from. Iago and Othello both had major flaws in their characters which ultimately lead to their demise. Iago couldnt control his id, which meant he was forever acting on impulse without control of the superego and there was only a matter of time before he slipped up. Then Othello never resolving his oedipal complex meant someone like Iago could easily manipulate and mentally corrupt him. Both these characters have shown us as readers how we need to be well rounded people so we are not as easily susceptible to jealousy, and the effects this has if we are not.

Ensuring children and young people’s safety Essay

Ensuring children and young peoples natural rubber and welf be in the work context of use is an essential part of expertguarding. While children are at naturalize, practitioners act in loco parentis while their parents are away. As part of their legal and professional obligations, practitioners produce positions of trust and a duty of wangle to the children in their discipline, and therefore should always act in their best interests and determine their safety the welfare of the child is preponderant ( tykeren Act 1989). The Children Act 2004 came in with the Every Child Matters (ECM) guidelines and greatly impacted the way initiates look at the care and welfare of pupils.Children and young people should be protagonisted to learn and thrive and be given the opportunity to achieve the five staple outcomes be healthy stay safe enjoy and achieve bother a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being. Children are vulnerable and depending on their age and level of d evelopment, do not see danger or recognise risk of exposures. They do not know when or how to look after themselves and need adults to protect them and cover their safety, whilst encouraging their independence in an age permit manner.All organisations that employ staff or volunteers to work with children need to use a safer recruitment practice. In March 2005, following the Soham murders and the subsequent Bichard Inquiry, the DCSF Department for Children, civilizes and Families (previously the stilbestrol and the DoH) proposed that Recommendation 19 of the Bichard Inquiry should be carried outnew arrangements should be introduced requiring those who wish to work with children, or vulnerable adults, to be registered. The register would confirm that there is no known reason why an individual should not work with these clients.As a result, the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 was passed, providing the legislative framework for the new Vetting and nix scheme. This Act es tablished the Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA) to make decisions near who should be allowed to work with children, the elderly and other vulnerable adults and to represent lists of those who are barred. Under the Act, it is an offense for an employer to employ a barred person in a role with children. It is similarly an offence for a barred person to apply forsuch a role. Employers must also advise the ISA if an individual harms a child whilst working for them. The shelter of Freedoms Act 2012 merged the ISA with the CRB (Criminal unloads Bureau) to form the DBS (Disclosure and Barring Services). It also differentiated amongst supervised and unsupervised activities.Schools should fuddle policies and procedures for safer recruitment practice, which should be applied at every stage in the recruitment process, from advertising, references and pre-interview conquers, to the selection of candidates, interviewing process and the offer of appointment. As part of the process , every adult wanting to work with children or vulnerable adults must have a DBS (Disclosure and Barring Services) check. there are three levels of DBS revealing-Basic disclosure details relevant allegeation about the individual, together with whatsoever convictions (spent or in force), cautions or warnings that the individual has received.-Enhanced disclosure includes the same as the basic disclosure, plus any additional relevant information held by the police.-Enhanced disclosure with Barred List Check.Schools must also ensure that any adults (including cleaners and caretakers) or volunteers in the workplace do not have unsupervised access to children unless they have been DBS checked.Schools need to ensure that they provide children and young people with a riant safe environment to learn and develop, with trusted and supportive adults. Practitioners need to actively foster the well-being and welfare of every child. This includes providing a capacious range of activities to promote development through play as well as formal learning. These activities should include age appropriate toys and games that play the Toy (Safety) Regulations 1995 and are in a good state of repair. Practitioners should check for Kitemarks and CE markings. Kitemarks are symbols that show products have been tested and meet the British Standard Institute requirements. CE markings show that products meet European standards as place out by the European Community.Children also need to communicate and socialise with their peers, children from other age groups and other adults. They need to aspect safe and secure in their environment so that they smell out able to speak to adults about any concerns they may have, or to ask questions and seek help without fear of embarrassment. They need good role models who can help them extend their decision making skills and develop independence appropriate to their age and development level. Practitioners have a further responsibility to provi de additional support to children who may have special educational needs.This may be through individual sessions deep down the school, liaison with external services such as educational psychologists or through the CAF (Common Assessment Framework) process. The CAF process was developed to gather and assess information in relation to a childs needs in development, parenting and the family environment. It is a service that should be offered to children (and their families) whose additional needs are not being met through universal services within the school. Practitioners also need to protect any children who may be at risk of significant harm because of their home sustenance and personal circumstances.There are a number of policies and procedures that should be in place in schools to ensure children and young peoples protection and safetyWorking in an open and transparent way adults should make sure that another member of staff is always aware of where they are working, especiall y if they are alone in a room with a child, there should always be visual access or the door should remain open.Duty of care adults should always act in the best interests of the child and ensure their safety the welfare of the child is paramount (Children Act 1989).Whistleblowing staff should understand their responsibilities to raise concerns of malpractice. stave will be deemed to be failing in their duty to safeguard children if they do not act.Listening to children adults relationships with children should always be professional, caring and respectful. Children need to feel valued and listened to.Power and positions of trust adults working with children hold positions of trust due to their access to the children in their care, and relationships between pupils and staff willalways have an unequalized balance of power these positions should never be abused.Behaviour teachers should behave in such a way as to safeguard childrens well-being and maintain public trust in the teaching profession.Physical contact staff should ensure that any contact with children is entirely professionally appropriate.Off-site visits staff must take particular care to ensure that clear boundaries are maintained and full risk assessments must be carried out prior to a visit. preserve of images there must be age-appropriate consent from the person or their parents or carers.Intimate personal care all children have a right to safety, silence and dignity when intimate care is required.Sharing concerns and information highly confidential information about children and their families should only ever be shared on a need to know basis, and anonymously wherever possible.Security school premises should be made secure with fencing, gates and locking doors with secure access codes to prevent unwelcome visitors and to stop children from leaving the premises unaccompanied. There should be clear locking and unlocking procedures and stringent rules for visitor access to the buil dings. Contractors should be LA approved or selected using safe selection procedures and should have carried out appropriate risk assessments in advance. They should be given information to enable them to follow the schools safety procedures.The three main areas that address the protection of children from harm in the work backcloth are child protection health and safety, and risk assessments.Child protection.It is the responsibility of all adults in the setting to actively safeguard children and young people and to prevent abuse or neglect. The setting should detail how the policies and procedures should work on a daily basis and outline current legislation in this area (see Task A). The policy should describe the responsibilities of the setting as well as those of individuals. It should include a summary of the possible signs of abuse or neglect for staff to refer to (see Task D1). Staff are required to respond to any concerns in an appropriate and timely manner. There should be clear guidelines on how staff should proceed when there are concerns, orallegations have been made, including the role of the designated CPO (Child Protection Officer) (see Task D2).Staff should also be made aware of the procedures if the allegation concerns another member of staff or the head teacher (see Section 2 below). The policy should detail external services that may be required, including names and telephone numbers etc. There should be specific guidance about how to behave if a child or young person makes an allegation of abuse. The policy should detail other procedures and policies that support staff responsibilities in this area, such as the behaviour and anti-bullying policies (see Task E) and the whistleblowing policy (see Section 3 below).Health and Safety.Schools are legally required to have a Health and Safety policy to ensure that there is a plan for how health and safety is managed in the setting and that all staff are aware of all their responsibilities. This pol icy should be lead and implemented by all staff and it should form part of the induction process for new members of staff. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the prudence of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 were designed to protect everyone at work. The employer in a school must take reasonable steps to ensure that staff and pupils are not exposed to risks to their health and safety. This applies to activities on or off school premises. The employer is required to wait out regular reviews of the school, its premises and activities. There should be a designated health and safety representative at every setting who is responsible for the reviews and any subsequent action.The reviews should involve regular walks around the school as well as safety checks on equipment. All electrical items should be checked annually by a qualified electrician. Fire extinguishers should also be checked annually. Staff should ensure that they use any safety equipment provided and stor e it safely. All materials and equipment used in schools should meet recognised safety standards. Practitioners should check for Kitemarks and CE markings. Kitemarks are symbols that show products have been tested and meet the British Standard Institute requirements. CE markings show that products meet European standards as set out by the European Community. The Workplace, (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 deal with physical conditions in theworkplace and require employers to meet minimum standards in relation to a wide range of issues, including maintenance of buildings and equipment lighting provision of drinking water temperature ventilation rest rooms toilet facilities room dimensions and space cleanliness condition of floors and traffic routes.The School Premises (England) Regulations 2012 apply to all maintained schools in England, and came into effect in October 2012. This legislation works in conjunction with the Workplace Regulations, but applies specifically t o school standards, which are often more stringent i.e. the provision of a medical room for pupils, or a lower maximum temperature for hand washing in childrens toilet facilities. To protect children and young people from harm on the premises, the school should consider the followingSafety of the indoor and outdoorsy play equipment, including water and sand play.Safety in the school kitchen, including the computer memory, preparation and cooking of food.Fire safety, including maintaining clearly marked exit routes and doors.Appropriately sized furniture and equipment for the children.Safe storage of hazardous materials under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 2002.Appropriate adult-child ratios at all times.First assist training for staff, with sufficient numbers of first aid prepare staff on the premises at all times.Safety in the dining hall, including hot food, spillages, choking risks etc.Vigilance in repugn unidentified adults.Procedures for cleaning up bodily fluids, vomit or faeces.Internet safety.Hand washing facilities and practices.Adaptations where necessary for children with special needs or disabilities.Safety of outdoor play areas, including access, space and floor surfacing.Safe storage and supervision of medicines.Implementation of procedures for children and staff with illnesses, i.e. remaining away from school for 48 hours after sickness or diarrhoea.Anominated person for asbestos and legionella competency.Tidiness and safety of traffic routes around the premises.Off-site educational visits have additional issues that could affect childrens safety. The prudence of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 requires full risk assessments to be carried out prior to a visit. Employers must assess the risks of activities, plan measures to control the risks and inform employees of the measures. Staff must follow school and Local Authority regulations, policies and guidance, which include evidence of parental pe rmission emergency procedures first aid kit and trained staff appropriate clothing and equipment qualified staff for activities adult to children ratios special educational or medical needs of the children approval of volunteers (including DBS checks) age and competence of the pupils and transferral arrangements. Health and Safety arrangements also require members of staff to keep colleagues/senior staff aware of their whereabouts and movements.Risk assessments.It is a legal requirement for all employers to carry out risk assessments. Risk assessments are a formal examination of things that could cause harm to people. The Health and Safety Executive guidance sets out a simple Five Steps to Risk AssessmentStep 1 Look for the hazards and risks. A hazard is something that can cause harm. A risk is the likelihood of harm together with the consequences should it take place.Step 2 Decide who could be harmed and how.Step 3 It is necessary to differentiate between hazards and risks and the n to prioritise them, traffic with the most serious risks first. Decide whether the existing precautions are sufficient. If not, decide what other precautions should be introduced and ensure that they are put in place.Step 4 Record your actions and findings.Step 5 Review the assessment at regular intervals, or if circumstanceschange, and revise if necessary.Risk assessments should be used within the school setting e.g. for a new climbing frame or for outdoor water play, and also for off-site visits regardless of their duration. The head teacher is usually responsible for risk assessments and should sign and date them after they are completed. If existing precautions are not satisfactory, then activities may have to be restricted or stopped until changes are made. Changes may involve staff training or additional equipment. Risk assessments will also need to be carried out for individuals with special needs or disabilities and specialists may come to the school to carry them out. Oth er individuals may require a risk assessment in certain circumstances, i.e. a pupil on crutches or temporarily in a wheelchair. Ofsted inspectors would expect risk assessments to be available as part of their inspections.Risk assessments should form part of a schools management processes and help to formalise working practices and arrangements. They are a valuable tool for identifying problems and potential problems, monitoring situations and ensuring precautions are taken to keep children and adults safe from harm.

Abortion Argument

The constant conflict over stillbirth in America has been a major social problem that started as an issue in our nation over 2 centuries ago. In the 1960s and 70s with the coinciding civil rights movement and womens rights movement, abortion became the new national issue we silence see today between two opposing sides. It is this struggle over whose deep rooted morals and beliefs are appropriate for our society that make the abortion issue such so controversial. First it is important to understand abortion and its history. Then to understand each side, their beliefs, the organizations tied to them, and their wishes for policies in our nation. We must look at the effects that both the m early(a) and child must endure through the process. Then we must look at and understand the laws directed at abortion and why they were set in place. It is then with this information that we can acknowledge the effects and harm that abortion causes, and conclude an answer to this problem.On Augus t 13th 2012 it was previous(a) term abortion day at Orlando Womens Center. A adult female arrived at the OWC to abort her twin baby girls. Her excuse was that she already had daughters and didnt necessity have anymore. She was about twenty weeks along, but because it was twins, she was more than showing her progress. It only took a couple of hours for social media took hold of the situation. A man named John who true posted a photo of the woman began to get phone calls and emails from friends who had no idea abortions like these happen. Many offered financial help and many offered to adopt her babies.The woman ended up aborting the twin girls in her womb despite the generous help that was offered to her. She admitted that she didnt want girls and that she had no compassion for the babies she was carrying. Through a two day process, she had to go into labor and deliver her babies into a toilet. Abortion like these happen all over the country every day, and its because of stories like this and a complete disregard for human life that abortion should be, in a sense, aborted itself. This essay considers whether the purpose of abortion is a solution by answering the undermentioned questions1. What is abortion and who is involved? 2. How is the baby affected during the process? 3. How is the m some other affected throughout the process? 4. What is our government doing about it?Understanding the history behind abortion, its process, and the effects of abortion to our women and children as well as our nation are very important. It highlights the complexity of abortion in the United States and the need for physicians, advocacy groups, and policymakers to implement the other choices woman can make to save lives, as well as enrich those around them. What is abortion and who is involved?It is important to know and understand abortion for what it is, to fully grasp the influence it can have on a woman. An abortion is the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus. thither are several types of abortions spontaneous, induced, therapeutic, elective or voluntary, unsafe, and medical abortion. Spontaneous abortion is the body naturally expelling the fetus because of complications produced in the stages of the egg needing to attach to the uterine wall. Induced abortion is a direct involvement by use of medical or surgical methods.Therapeutic abortion is considered necessary because of fetal anomalies, rape, or to cheer the health of the mother whether it is physically or psychologically damaging to her. Elective or voluntary abortion which is the termination of the embryo by request for reasons other than physical or psychological damage, which is the same abortion that was described in the story at the beginning of this essay. Unsafe abortion is the termination of an unintended gestation by a person incapable of successfully continuing the pregnancy without harmful effects to the mother. Medical abortion is a non-surgical abortion t hat uses drugs to terminate the pregnancy. (Abortion, 2013) there are several organizations that make it their goal to prove which side of the abortion argument is true.

Developing the Future of Flight (Aerospace Engineering)

Developing the Future of Flight Aerospace masterminding is the field of sending dealing with the design, development, construction, testing, and execution of vehicles operating in the Earths atmosphere or in asideer space (Stanzi ace). Aerospace engineers can work on many different vehicles from aircraft to loggerheaded diving vessels to high speed trains. The vast knowledge in aerodynamics, propulsion systems, structural design, materials, avionics, and stability allows them to work on just about anything. To become an aerospace engineer one must complete a bachelors degree program, usually in aerospace or aeronautical engineering.Then college graduates must take two testinginations and gather four years of work experience in order to become a licensed professional engineer (PE). Graduates earn the title of engineer in training (EIT) after completing the first exam, which can be taken any time after schooling is complete. EITs may then begin on-the-job training to further the ir experience and understanding of aeronautical engineering. Once EITs have completed the required experience, the next step would be taking the second exam to become a professional aerospace engineer (education-portal. om). According to engineeringdegrees101. com, the median stipend for aerospace engineers in 2011 is $92,000. When one first enters the world of aerospace engineering, one will start out as an aerospace engineer I. This is called the entry level. The clean salary for an entry level engineer is $62,213 per year. After one has worked in this field for two to four years, an aerospace engineer II will be the next step up. Anyone at this stage is now considered an intermediate level engineer and will take home an average salary of $84,537 per year.Soon after this promotion comes the next promotion, and aerospace engineer III. At this point people at this level now earn $91,945 per year. After working in this cargoner for five to eight years one will move up to an aerospa ce engineer IV where the yearly salary is $98,630. Three years later(prenominal) and the final promotion comes, an aerospace engineer V. At this level the annual take home pay is $119,993 in one year (1. salary. com). As an aerospace engineer I-V, one will design and supervise the construction of aircrafts and the parts that make these monsters.These engineers will be given the task to analyze results of stress tests on various aircraft and missile parts and conduct research to determine flight characteristics. As a level one engineer, one will trust on instructions and pre-established guidelines to come the functions of the job, and can stick out on working under immediate supervision. Level two engineers will rely on limited experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals, and perform a variety of tasks while working under general supervision.As a level three engineer, one will rely on experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals while performing a variety of com plicated tasks. As a level four and five, engineers will rely on extensive experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals and perform a variety of tasks, and now get to lead and direct the work of others as a reward for all the hard work put in through out the years (1. salary. com). Sciencebuddies. org says that most aerospace engineers work in office buildings, laboratories, or plants, but not all work indoors.Some may work outdoors at construction or test sites monitoring or directing operations. other engineers spend countless mos away from home traveling from worksite to worksite all around the world overseeing the production of things or having to fix problems. Many engineers work forty hour weeks, but sometimes deadlines on a project will force them to work longer hours in order to get the project done on time. When students are in college, or fresh out of college, and do not have a job or any extra money, one upshot would be doing an confineship.Internships will of ten offer several thousand dollars to be used for education related expenses, or just to spend however the intern wishes. Students that are planning to go into aerospace engineering can do internships with related companies such as NASA, Boeing, and Lockheed. Such companies would love to have a young bounteous come in and start learning the way things are done, knowing that some of the best workers are going to be leaving and are in need of people to take these veterans place.Perhaps the greatest benefit of the aerospace industry for professionals is in terms of annual salary. Aerospace engineers, for example, make $92,000 annually on average. This salary is the base salary for engineers, with many companies providing profit sharing and other plans that bring the annual salary up. Another important benefit for aerospace professionals of all types is the basic health, dental, and vision benefits. intimately major(ip) aerospace companies nominate extensive health and medical benefi ts, which are investments on the companys part toward a healthier and more productive workforce.Dental and vision benefits are nice perks for aerospace professionals and those with families can usually include children and spouses on their plans. While salary and basic benefits are great ways for aerospace professionals to offset the stresses of the job, there are a number of other perks that stay talented workers in the industry. Many aerospace companies provide consumer loans to the employees for the purchase of automobiles, condominiums, and other living necessities. Finally, commercial and civilian aerospace companies will often provide airline discounts for workers and immediate families.Finally, there are two mainstays of the aerospace industry which are crucial for professionals to stay at jobs over a long period of time. Most aerospace companies provide paid leave, typically four to six weeks annually, which is meant to give professionals time to unwind and leave the desks or work stations for a little while. As well, a long term human resources investment for these companies comes with the pension program. Aerospace companies will often match a certain level of employee contributions in order to keep skilled workers from leaving for jobs with rival companies.Works Cited Page Aerospace directing Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Ed. Kaydon A. Stanzione. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. . Aeronautical Engineer Educational Requirements. Research Schools, Online Courses, Degrees and Careers at Education Portal. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. . Engineer Salary How Much Do Engineers

Transformational Learning

Transformational learning is the type of experience that its event sens bring forth a level of new meaning in your life. This learning make pass of intricate tasks is broken down into four stages, recognizing a significant problem, confronting it intensely, finding a solution, and integrating a new perspective and a new set of assumptions into your life pattern. These four phases create the transformational process and requires natural mental concentration and careful consideration. The intensity of this procedure is much painful and stressful, hence forth the anile saying no pain, no gain.First, you must know what the problem is that you are facing and discover it. Then, you must face the problem with an extreme effort. Once these steps are completed and only then, can you start finding a solution. The solution you find will give you a new view. establish upon this outcome, your newly acquired view must be integrated into your life pattern. Transformation on this level is oft en wanted but it does not come easy. These before and after states are the points that show us our individual(prenominal) growth. The most transformational learning experience in my life has been the discussion to go back to school.The fear of working, having a family, and making time to study and being successful in my studies presented a great problem to me. How to labyrinthine sense these three demanding dimensions of my life and still be the same person was puzzling. Through a trial and delusion process, I redefined my life pattern, taking bits of personal and casual time to maximize my effort of pursuing my goal. By putting all my focus through my spare time in my work week, it opened up extra time on my weekend to spend with my family. This new pattern I developed has brought amity and balance to my life.

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Alice Essay

At the lineage of the story Alice starts off being pressured into marring a opus she doesnt even love. Her sister tells her to go break married and live just happily perpetually after like her but her husband is cheating on her. I speculate Alices abuse was when she kept spotting the white rabbit in the bushes and began to follow him in the middle of getting purposed to. in like manner after she beastly down the hatful the rabbit was trying to explain to her who she is and how shes supposed to be the champion for wonderland. Stage 2 Refusal of Call Alice starts to refuse when she begins telling them that she is non the right Alice their looking for.I didnt think she would still be refusing even after they showed her the scroll of what happened. I kind of fantasy she was just saying no because she was afraid of what was ahead of her if she took on the challenge of becoming the champion. Throughout the beginning and middle of the movie she Lyric Perry 9/22/13 World Literatur e was trying to entice everyone that this was her dream and everything would be ok when she woke up. Stage 4 Crossing the first Threshold I vista during the whole story I think she crossed more than one threshold.The first one was when she fell down the hole and entered wonderland because the trees by the two holes were both twisted and looked very similar. Her coming out of the hole to Wonderland to me was like the crossing in a new unknown land. Another threshold was when she made it up in her mind that she was the hero and started believing in wonderland and the impossible. Stage 5 Belly of the Whale The swell of the whale is when a character is fully enclosed in the new solid ground or adventure. I think she entered the belly of the whale when she began to accept the fact that it wasnt a dream and wonderland is a genuine place. I think that Lyric Perry9/22/13 World Literature the only room she was going to get out and go back to the real world was to fill in her quest and finish up the jabberwocky. Stage 6 Road of Trials Alice had lots of trials during her journey such as when the dog/polar break thing started to chase her and cut her arm. At the tea party when the red queens knight, soldiers, and sleuth came looking for Alice I felt it was a trial because if they were to have caught her she wouldnt have been able to complete her goal. The road of trials is a very important stage because I think they help the character get ready for what they are about to embark on.Stage 11 The Ultimate Boon The ultimate close to me was when she cut the head off of the jabberwocky. This was really important because the whole fate of wonderland was in her hands. I think the white queen was depending on her the most because she really wanted the crown and for the red queen to furlough torturing Wonderland. Stage 15 Crossing the Return Threshold At the end of the story I saw two returning thresholds the first one when she climbed out of the hole and when she start ed standing up to everyone at the party back home. When she was climbing out of the hole she was crossing back over to the real world and her normal life.She started telling everyone the truth and saying what she really felt even things that sounded impossible. Stage 17 immunity to Live I thought this happened for Alice at the very end of the movie because thats when she really resolved to live her own life and do what she wanted. Such as she told the man she wasnt going to unify him she was going to find someone she loves. Alice starts talking to the man about his business and how he should move it china. Her fall down the hole to me was on purpose to get her to really follow her own bliss not everyone elses.

Women Empowerment

authorization has multiple, inter colligate and interdep terminalent dimensions- scotch, genial, cultural and political. It behind be understood in relative to resources, perceptions, family relationship and power. besides what does women say-so mean? Women empowerment gener all in ally has five comp unitarynts firstly, womens sense of self worth(predicate) secondly, their chastise to stupefy the power of control their own lives, both within and outside seat and lastly, their sort out executive to buy the farm on the deputation of social change to create a just social and economic position nationally, internationally and universally.educational attainment and economic secernateicipation atomic number 18 the key constituents in ensuring the empowerment of women. some other than educational and economic empowerment, changes in womens mobility and social interaction and changes in intra-household decision-making argon necessary. We should non forget that memoir i n a witness to the women who affirm in the past demonstrated unique leadership capabilities. Razia Sultana, ranee of Jhansi, Sarojini Naidu and Indira Gandhi are pauperization examples of women empowerment.I would a akin to peep into the past when the stature of women as destroyed. They were in this behavior they take women of their cod place. Most men view themselves as cosmos the superior life-form in society. They relieve this teaching by saying that they are stronger and more capable thus, making those more qualified for the more primal roles in society. Treated as chattel in the early Roman society. In France, they were termed as half-soul creatures responsible for(p) for the wipeout of society. The Chinese considered them as devils soul.Japanese men choosered to live unmarried lives scarcely the truth is that women founder advanced in all the areas. In India, the empowerment process has already begun. We are straight witnessing a steady changement in the en rollment of women in schools, colleges and even in occupation institutes. Their health is stop as compared to earlier decades. In this decade, women are entering into the job market in change magnitude numbers. They are showing their skills even in non-traditional sectors like police, defense, administration, media and research fields.But a atomic pile of spurt has to be done as there is a category of women (who consider themselves highly educated) that proudly accepts that they dont accommodate digital literacy even though they own a computer, they buttocksnot even operate bank accounts or obtain sound arrangements for family or handle hospital admissions even during emergencies. Even for a simple childbed like social visits or shopping generally they need the company of their husbands. Dependent women are not sceptered women. If new-fangled women think that they are empowered, its a myth for them .If women choose to be ignorant therefore all the efforts interpreted by the Government and women activists go out go in vain. Even in twenty-fifth century, they go away persevere backward and will be being a heavy price for their dependence, so, it is a wake-up title for women to cautious from their deep slumber and understand the true meaning of their empowerment. In the end I would like to pause with the following words, Women as the motherhood of the nation should be strong, aware and alert. give thanks you The endWomen empowerment spot Writing Firstly, women stop start a personal blob. It should cover a guideic which Is immediately related to their skills set. Once they acquire a decent number of readers and followers, they could begin to purpose them their services related to their skills and counselling a gift for It. Another option In blobbing as one of the sneak 10 denture base businesses involves writing for another individual or company and earning a service fee in return. 2. Providing Professional Advice Women can offer paid advice related to their profession.This is one of the top 10 domicil found businesses be ca-ca they do not need to worry about setting up their own online programme for this service. in that location are many websites which offer professional advice to Its customers by appointing a squad of experts from various lines of work. They frequently have predetermined rates and flushs for their registered experts while others also keep them negotiable. 3. Book publication Publishing whitethorn speech sound Like the closely Investment-demanding option out of the other top 10 crustal plate establish businesses.This does not hold true for online book publishing or content marketing. whatever websites offer exculpate enrolment to use their online publishing services while others charge a nominative amount. In the end, women can screw writing books on their favorite topics and set the prices themselves. Online book publishing is part of the top 10 situation base businesses becau se it enables women to publish books only in the demanded quantity. 4. Designing Shoes many fashion-savvy females have a productive sense which is often specific to items like hoes.The Ideas may come to them naturally but they may be unable to take up shoe-designing as a full-fledged passage option. However, women should utilize several(predicate) software to develop unique designs and sell them to small-sized shoe businesses along with the ownership right to the designs. It would be a inversely beneficial relationship. 5. Conducting Online Research More and more companies are relying on the lucre as an in effect(p) lance for conducting marketing research. Some of the benefits they find in this option Include entrance fee to geographically dot respondents, less(prenominal) time required, and so onThis has given birth to the need for employing individuals to conduct the research. Women with an inquisitive spirit often prefer this plectron out of the different top 10 h ome based businesses. 6. characterisation Consultancy This line of work Involves assisting plenty who wish to achieve their oddment of Improving their overall Image. This Is known to be a women-centric picking among the top 10 home based businesses. This field pertains to providing consultancy In different areas, such as grooming, styling, dressing, etc. audio frequency Typing investment of a computer and lucre connection. In most cases, these facilities are already model which suck ups it a zero-investment alternative. Women can offer the services as a typist to upchuck provided audio files into a pen format. Although typing speed would be a helpful skill, beginners could always sanctify to a deadline concord to their skills and improve with time. 8. Affiliate Marketing For Affiliate Marketing as one of the top 10 home based businesses, women need to have their own website.It would allow them to associate with other businesses to pay them a commission when visitors to their websites are linked to purchase the companys products. 9. Online Teaching Teaching makes it to the list of top 10 home based businesses because the internet has made it possible to use it as a way to make money online at home. Women can provide interactive sessions to students for their daily homework while offer topic- advisable teaching done photo tutorials. 10. Writing Guides Writing guides are one of the top 10 home based businesses suited for women cause they often have a wide knowledge base on different topics.Women empowermentWhy I Believe in Women sanction Ages ago, women only had limited opportunities in life. Usual connotation of a woman is the one who does household chores. But nowadays, it may mean unsavoury to women because their abilities and capabilities to do other things are under estimated. The current generation of women is considered empowered. When we say empower, this means that there is an way given to somebody, thus, that authority will make the person more confident and assertive. I believe in women empowerment because I think as a woman, I should be treated equally with man.Also, being a scholar with wisdom, I speak the truth without doubt or hesitation giving me a sense of empowerment. Because of this, I have greater choices and chances to explore, learn and expose myself in all walks of life which will be beneficial not only to me but also to others. I want to portray an apotheosis member of the society. Because of having respect and self confidence, I can do things possible and excel with my outmost inscription to work. Women can perform task that a man can do but outshining them is not our goal instead, living harmoniously with them is our desire.Also, women empowerment is not destruction to mans self-esteem and ego. We work not to prove that we can do better than a man but to complement what a man can do. be one of the empowered women, I clearly understood my worth. Thats why I was able to look at the world as a p lace where I can freely express who I am and what I believe, making me surrounded with people who honor, love, and respect me as I honor, love, and respect myself. Therefore, women empowerment should be realized by every girl to achieve a successful and fulfilled life.Women empowermentBlob Writing Firstly, women can start a personal blob. It should cover a topic which Is directly related to their skills set. Once they acquire a decent number of readers and followers, they could begin to offer them their services related to their skills and charge a fee for It. Another option In blobbing as one of the top 10 home based businesses involves writing for another individual or company and earning a service fee in return. 2. Providing Professional Advice Women can offer paid advice related to their profession.This is one of the top 10 home based businesses because they do not need to worry about setting up their own online platform for this service. There are many websites which offer prof essional advice to Its customers by appointing a team of experts from various lines of work. They often have predetermined rates and commissions for their registered experts while others also keep them negotiable. 3. Book Publishing Publishing may sound Like the most Investment-demanding option out of the other top 10 home based businesses.This does not hold true for online book publishing or content marketing. Some websites offer free registration to use their online publishing services while others charge a nominal amount. In the end, women can enjoy writing books on their favorite topics and set the prices themselves. Online book publishing is part of the top 10 home based businesses because it enables women to publish books only in the demanded quantity. 4. Designing Shoes Many fashion-savvy females have a creative sense which is often specific to items like hoes.The Ideas may come to them naturally but they may be unable to take up shoe-designing as a full-fledged career option . However, women should utilize different software to develop unique designs and sell them to small-sized shoe businesses along with the ownership right to the designs. It would be a mutually beneficial relationship. 5. Conducting Online Research More and more companies are relying on the internet as an effective tool for conducting marketing research. Some of the benefits they find in this option Include access to geographically dispersed respondents, less time required, etc.This has given birth to the need for employing individuals to conduct the research. Women with an inquisitive nature often prefer this choice out of the different top 10 home based businesses. 6. Image Consultancy This line of work Involves assisting people who wish to achieve their goal of Improving their overall Image. This Is known to be a women-centric choice among the top 10 home based businesses. This field pertains to providing consultancy In different areas, such as grooming, styling, dressing, etc. Aud io Typing investment of a computer and internet connection. In most cases, these facilities are already present which makes it a zero-investment alternative. Women can offer the services as a typist to reproduce provided audio files into a written format. Although typing speed would be a helpful skill, beginners could always commit to a deadline according to their skills and improve with time. 8. Affiliate Marketing For Affiliate Marketing as one of the top 10 home based businesses, women need to have their own website.It would allow them to associate with other businesses to pay them a commission when visitors to their websites are linked to purchase the companys products. 9. Online Teaching Teaching makes it to the list of top 10 home based businesses because the internet has made it possible to use it as a way to make money online at home. Women can provide interactive sessions to students for their daily homework while offer topic- wise teaching through video tutorials. 10. Writ ing Guides Writing guides are one of the top 10 home based businesses suitable for women cause they often have a wide knowledge base on different topics.Women EmpowermentEmpowerment has multiple, interrelated and interdependent dimensions- economic, social, cultural and political. It can be understood in relation to resources, perceptions, Relationship and power. But what does women empowerment mean? Women empowerment generally has five components firstly, womens sense of self worth secondly, their right to have the power of control their own lives, both within and outside home and lastly, their ability to influence the direction of social change to create a just social and economic order nationally, internationally and universally.Educational attainment and economic participation are the key constituents in ensuring the empowerment of women. Other than educational and economic empowerment, changes in womens mobility and social interaction and changes in intra-household decision-ma king are necessary. We should not forget that history in a witness to the women who have in the past demonstrated unique leadership capabilities. Razia Sultana, Rani of Jhansi, Sarojini Naidu and Indira Gandhi are motivation examples of women empowerment.I would like to peep into the past when the stature of women as destroyed. They were in this way they deprived women of their due place. Most men view themselves as being the superior life-form in society. They justify this belief by saying that they are stronger and more capable thus, making those more qualified for the more important roles in society. Treated as chattel in the early Roman society. In France, they were termed as half-soul creatures responsible for the destruction of society. The Chinese considered them as devils soul.Japanese men preferred to live unmarried lives But the truth is that women have advanced in all the areas. In India, the empowerment process has already begun. We are now witnessing a steady improvemen t in the enrollment of women in schools, colleges and even in profession institutes. Their health is better as compared to earlier decades. In this decade, women are entering into the job market in increasing numbers. They are showing their skills even in non-traditional sectors like police, defense, administration, media and research fields.But a lot of work has to be done as there is a category of women (who consider themselves highly educated) that proudly accepts that they dont have digital literacy even though they own a computer, they cannot even operate bank accounts or make travel arrangements for family or handle hospital admissions even during emergencies. Even for a simple task like social visits or shopping generally they need the company of their husbands. Dependent women are not empowered women. If modern women think that they are empowered, its a myth for them .If women choose to be ignorant then all the efforts taken by the Government and women activists will go in v ain. Even in twenty-fifth century, they will remain backward and will be paying a heavy price for their dependence, so, it is a wake-up call for women to awake from their deep slumber and understand the true meaning of their empowerment. In the end I would like to conclude with the following words, Women as the motherhood of the nation should be strong, aware and alert. Thank you The endWomen empowermentBlob Writing Firstly, women can start a personal blob. It should cover a topic which Is directly related to their skills set. Once they acquire a decent number of readers and followers, they could begin to offer them their services related to their skills and charge a fee for It. Another option In blobbing as one of the top 10 home based businesses involves writing for another individual or company and earning a service fee in return. 2. Providing Professional Advice Women can offer paid advice related to their profession.This is one of the top 10 home based businesses because they d o not need to worry about setting up their own online platform for this service. There are many websites which offer professional advice to Its customers by appointing a team of experts from various lines of work. They often have predetermined rates and commissions for their registered experts while others also keep them negotiable. 3. Book Publishing Publishing may sound Like the most Investment-demanding option out of the other top 10 home based businesses.This does not hold true for online book publishing or content marketing. Some websites offer free registration to use their online publishing services while others charge a nominal amount. In the end, women can enjoy writing books on their favorite topics and set the prices themselves. Online book publishing is part of the top 10 home based businesses because it enables women to publish books only in the demanded quantity. 4. Designing Shoes Many fashion-savvy females have a creative sense which is often specific to items like h oes.The Ideas may come to them naturally but they may be unable to take up shoe-designing as a full-fledged career option. However, women should utilize different software to develop unique designs and sell them to small-sized shoe businesses along with the ownership right to the designs. It would be a mutually beneficial relationship. 5. Conducting Online Research More and more companies are relying on the internet as an effective tool for conducting marketing research. Some of the benefits they find in this option Include access to geographically dispersed respondents, less time required, etc.This has given birth to the need for employing individuals to conduct the research. Women with an inquisitive nature often prefer this choice out of the different top 10 home based businesses. 6. Image Consultancy This line of work Involves assisting people who wish to achieve their goal of Improving their overall Image. This Is known to be a women-centric choice among the top 10 home based b usinesses. This field pertains to providing consultancy In different areas, such as grooming, styling, dressing, etc. Audio Typing investment of a computer and internet connection. In most cases, these facilities are already present which makes it a zero-investment alternative. Women can offer the services as a typist to reproduce provided audio files into a written format. Although typing speed would be a helpful skill, beginners could always commit to a deadline according to their skills and improve with time. 8. Affiliate Marketing For Affiliate Marketing as one of the top 10 home based businesses, women need to have their own website.It would allow them to associate with other businesses to pay them a commission when visitors to their websites are linked to purchase the companys products. 9. Online Teaching Teaching makes it to the list of top 10 home based businesses because the internet has made it possible to use it as a way to make money online at home. Women can provide int eractive sessions to students for their daily homework while offer topic- wise teaching through video tutorials. 10. Writing Guides Writing guides are one of the top 10 home based businesses suitable for women cause they often have a wide knowledge base on different topics.Women EmpowermentEmpowerment has multiple, interrelated and interdependent dimensions- economic, social, cultural and political. It can be understood in relation to resources, perceptions, Relationship and power. But what does women empowerment mean? Women empowerment generally has five components firstly, womens sense of self worth secondly, their right to have the power of control their own lives, both within and outside home and lastly, their ability to influence the direction of social change to create a just social and economic order nationally, internationally and universally.Educational attainment and economic participation are the key constituents in ensuring the empowerment of women. Other than education al and economic empowerment, changes in womens mobility and social interaction and changes in intra-household decision-making are necessary. We should not forget that history in a witness to the women who have in the past demonstrated unique leadership capabilities. Razia Sultana, Rani of Jhansi, Sarojini Naidu and Indira Gandhi are motivation examples of women empowerment.I would like to peep into the past when the stature of women as destroyed. They were in this way they deprived women of their due place. Most men view themselves as being the superior life-form in society. They justify this belief by saying that they are stronger and more capable thus, making those more qualified for the more important roles in society. Treated as chattel in the early Roman society. In France, they were termed as half-soul creatures responsible for the destruction of society. The Chinese considered them as devils soul.Japanese men preferred to live unmarried lives But the truth is that women have advanced in all the areas. In India, the empowerment process has already begun. We are now witnessing a steady improvement in the enrollment of women in schools, colleges and even in profession institutes. Their health is better as compared to earlier decades. In this decade, women are entering into the job market in increasing numbers. They are showing their skills even in non-traditional sectors like police, defense, administration, media and research fields.But a lot of work has to be done as there is a category of women (who consider themselves highly educated) that proudly accepts that they dont have digital literacy even though they own a computer, they cannot even operate bank accounts or make travel arrangements for family or handle hospital admissions even during emergencies. Even for a simple task like social visits or shopping generally they need the company of their husbands. Dependent women are not empowered women. If modern women think that they are empowered, its a my th for them .If women choose to be ignorant then all the efforts taken by the Government and women activists will go in vain. Even in twenty-fifth century, they will remain backward and will be paying a heavy price for their dependence, so, it is a wake-up call for women to awake from their deep slumber and understand the true meaning of their empowerment. In the end I would like to conclude with the following words, Women as the motherhood of the nation should be strong, aware and alert. Thank you The end

Foreign Collaboration

TAXPERT PROFESSIONALS name on conflicting Collaboration 24 March 2011 0 TAXPERT Professionals Type the fellowship address denomination on remote Collaboration Foreign Collaboration An Overview To fulfill the need of freeing the Indian industry from excessive official control and for promoting conflicting enthronisations in India in needed sectors the much requisite relaxation behavior of Indian prudence was brought in by industrial Policy of 1991. From then the Indian economy is more facilitating to Foreign Direct investment in both form. Foreign investment in India is preparation by ?Foreign Exchange attention Act ? coldness Bank of India ? plane section of Policy and advance Foreign Exchange Management Act is an act to facilitate, promote and manage the contradictory flip-flop in India. Reserve Bank of India issues various regulations to give found to the various provisions of the Foreign Exchange Management Act. The Department of industrial Policy & Promotion was established in 1995 and has been reconstituted in the year 2000 with the merger of the Department of Industrial Development. There has been a consistent shift in the role and functions of this Department since 1991.From regulation and garbage disposal of the industrial sector, the role of the Department has been transformed into facilitating investment and applied science flows and monitoring industrial development in the liberalized environment. The role and functions of the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion here in afterward referred as Department or DIPP primarily includes interalia is pursuance Formulation and implementation of industrial policy and strategies for industrial development in conformity with the development needs and national targets acilitation of FDI engineering coactions at enterprise level and formulating policy parameters for the homogeneous(p) Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications of Goods and administration of regulations, rules made there on a lower floor TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration The DIPP is in charge for encouraging achievement of technological capability in various sectors of the industry where such acquisition is required to promote the economic development.Foreign technology induction is facilitated through liberal orthogonal technology coaction governing each through FDI or through Foreign Technology Collaboration (FTC) placement. There be two types of Foreign Collaboration the Financial quislingismism and the expert collaboration. 1. Financial Collaboration refers to collaboration where solo equity is involved. The financial collaboration can be by way of entering into fit guess promise with the Indian c altogetherer-up. 2. good collaboration refers to collaboration where there is transit of technology by the Foreign collaborator on due compensation.Foreign Colloboration Financi al Colloboration 1 Financial Collaboration Techinical Colloboration Financial collaboration refers to collaboration where there is equity participation. It is regulated by the sectoral caps yet and equity is permitted in almost all the sectors trough the extent as mentioned in the Foreign Direct Investment Policy. Foreign Direct Investment is permitted downstairs the willing travel guidebook in most sectors/activities excluding just nowa twenty-four hour occlusions few sectors which are prohibited like real estate etceteraand few where prior plaudit from FIPB is required. TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. om emailprotected com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration As per sign up none 3 (2005 Series) issued by DIPP prior government favorable reception for new suggestions would be required only in results where the foreign investor has an alive enounce gamble in the same playing palm refer Annexure I for tiny discussion. Same demesne as defined in th e same press none mean 4 digit NIC 1987 code. In case of Financial collaboration a new Indian accomp either referred as Joint profess Company or JVC here in after is formed, shares of which are subscribed by a foreign party and the Indian Company.When the money is received by Indian company JVC for subscription of shares by Foreign Company it has to intimate the RBI inside 30 age of the receiving of Consideration and within 180 years of the receipt of consideration the shares are required to be allotted to foreign company, within 30 days of the allotment of shares the FC GPR Form along with Certificate from Chartered Accountant as well as Company secretary is required to be filed by Indian Company JVC.As far as Financial collaboration is furbish uped in most of the cases a Joint act agreement is entered separately or all the contexts of conjunction Venture agreement are incorporated in the Article of Association of the Company. Interalia following are the clauses in Artic le of Association that will need consideration so that the interest of both the Joint Venture partners is saved 1. Shares There can be restriction on rapturering the share of a company by each Joint Venture Partner that no shareholder JV partner shall transfer the shares without the approval from other JV partner.The shares shall be offered to the other shareholder first before selling to the third party. How the fair value of the shares to be transferred shall be determined. There can be Lock in period for holding the shares. 2. Meetings-The Quorum for the General meeting shall be at least one Shareholder? s representative institute by both parties respectively. 3. Directors The marginal number of directors representing interest of each party can be placed in Article of Association.The quorum of the scorecard Meeting can be framed to consist at least one Director appointed by each of the parties. The clauses can be put to safeguard interest of each party as to items where con sent shall be given by way of affirmative voting by each party director. 2 Foreign technology agreements and collaborations For promoting technological capability and competitiveness of Indian Industry, acquisition of foreign technology is promoted through foreign technology collaborations.Foreign technology agreements and collaborations are permitted either through the automatic route under delegated powers exercised by the Reserve Bank of India, or by the organization. The items of foreign technology collaboration, which are eligible for approval through the automatic route and by the disposal, are A. Technical know-how pays, B. Payments for designs and drawings, C. Payments for engineering services and D. Royalty TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554 Article on Foreign CollaborationFor entering into technology collaboration an agreement is entered into between the foreign entity and an Indian entity. The following should be taken into accou nt while drafting the technology agreement that the licensed product/technical information is defined elaborately, period for which such a technology/knowhow is transferred, what is transferred and what is not transferred and what are pocket and non exclusive rights transferred, manner of calculation of hire and schedule of payment, cost of foreign Technicians, which party will bear the taxes if etc. Please note that no permission is necessary for hiring of foreign technicians and no operation need be made to political science for this purpose irrespective of whether the hiring of foreign technician is under an approved collaboration agreement or not. As verbalise earlier the collaboration can be through automatic route or government route.Below is the brief discussion regarding the same- 2. 1 Automatic Route for Foreign Technology Agreements The Reserve Bank of India, through its regional offices, accords automatic approval to all industries for foreign technology collaboration agreements font to The lump warmheartedness payments not exceeding US $2 million Where there s technology Transfer - Royalty payment being limited to 5 per cent for internal sales and 8 per cent for exports, keep down to a total payment of 8 per cent in sales without any restriction on the duration of the payments and Where there is no technology Transfer The Government of India overly permits payment of royalties of up to 2 per cent on exports and 1 per cent for domestic sales under automatic route on use of trademarks and brand names of the foreign collaborator without technology transfer. ? ? ?Also, Clarification was brought in by department via press note dated 23-12-2005 that as FDI upto 100% is permitted under the automatic route in most sectors/activities automatic route is also allowed for foreign technology collaboration where the payments are within 5% for domestic sales and 8% for exports. 2. 2 Government encomium for Foreign Technology Agreements As per press no te 1(2005 series) Prior approval of the Government would be required only in cases where the foreign investor has an vivacious common peril or technology transfer/trademark agreement in the same? ield. The onus to provide requisite apology and also proof to the rapture of the Government that the new proposal would or would not in any way jeopardize the interests of the quick joint venture or technology/trademark partner or other stakeholders would lie equally on the foreign investor/technology supplier and the Indian partner. TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554 Article on Foreign CollaborationIn cases where the foreign investor has a joint venture or technology transfer/trademark agreement in the same? field prior approval of the Government will not be required in the following cases i. Investments to be made by Venture Capital Funds registered with the Security and Exchange carte du jour of India (SEBI) ii. where in the live joint-ve nture investment by either of the parties is less than 3 per cent iii. Where the vivacious venture/collaboration is defunct or sick.Remittance of Royalty/Technical Fee General permission has been given permission to authorised dealers by Reserve bank of India vide (DIR Series) rotary No. 76 dated 24th Feb 2004 to allow remittances for royalty and payment of Lump sum fee provided the payment provided the royalty does not exceeds 5% of the domestic sales and 8% on exports and Lump sum fees does not exceeds USD 2 Million. Prior approval from Ministry of Industry and transaction, Government of India in case exceeds the above said payments.In terms of Rule 4 of the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Rules 2000, prior approval of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, is required for drawing foreign exchange for remittances under technical collaboration agreements where payment of royalty exceeds 5% on local sales and 8% on exports and lump -sum payment exceeds USD 2 million item 8 of Schedule II to the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Rules, 2000. However as per RBI/2009-10/465 A. P. (DIR Series) round No. 2 dated 13 May 2010 the Government of India has reviewed the extant policy with regard to liberalization of foreign technology agreement and it was decided to omit item number 8 of Schedule II to the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transaction) Rules, 2000, and the entry relating thereto. Accordingly, AD Category-I banks whitethorn permit drawal of foreign exchange by persons for payment of royalty and lump-sum payment under technical collaboration agreements without the approval of Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India w. . f 16 Dec 2009. Source http//rbidocs. rbi. org. in/rdocs/content/PDFs/AFE130510RC. pdf To sum up, success of any collaboration is dependent on the synergies that are driven from it by both parties. Therefore to achieve the desired objective of collaboration it is necessary that the matters like proper due diligence, tax structuring, drafting of joint venture agreement etc are very well taken care of. For further details get in taking into custody at emailprotected com TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. om emailprotected com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Annexure I Source http//dipp. nic. in/ DISCUSSION topic SUBJECT APPROVAL OF FOREIGN/ TECHNICAL COLLABORATIONS IN CASE OF EXISTING VENTURES/ TIE-UPS IN INDIA 1. The Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion has decided to release Discussion Papers on various aspects related to FDI. In the series of these Discussion Papers, this is the third paper on Approval of foreign/ technical collaborations in case of existing ventures/ railroad ties in India?.Views and suggestions are invited on the observations made in the enclosed discussion paper, as also on the entire gamut of issues related to the subject, by October 15, 2010. 2. The views expressed i n this discussion paper should not be construed as the views of the Government. The Department hopes to generate informed discussion on the subject, so as to enable the Government to take an appropriate policy decision at an appropriate conviction. TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554 Article on Foreign CollaborationDISCUSSION wallpaper APPROVAL OF FOREIGN/ TECHNICAL COLLABORATIONS IN CASE OF EXISTING VENTURES/ TIE-UPS IN INDIA 1. 0 give way SCENARIO 1. 1 Paragraph 4. 2. 2 of Circular 1 of 2010 (Consolidated FDI Policy), specifies that investment would be subject to the Existing Venture/ rack condition?. As per this condition, where a foreign investor had, prior to January 12, 2005, entered into an existing joint venture/ technology transfer/ trademark agreement in the same field, any new proposal for investment/ technology transfer/trademark agreement, requires Government approval.The proposal has to be routed through either the Foreign Inv estment Promotion Board (FIPB) in the Department of Economic Affairs, if fresh foreign investment is involved or the Project Approval Board (PAB) in the DIPP, if no foreign investment is involved. The 4 digit National Industrial salmagundi (NIC), 1987 Code, would be the basis for determining if the field was the same . 1. 2 The onus to demonstrate that the proposed new tie-up would not jeopardize the xisting joint venture or technology transfer/ trademark partner, lies equally on the foreign investor/ technology supplier and the Indian partner. 1. 3 The policy aims at protecting the interests of joint venture partners of agreements entered into, prior to January 12, 2005. Foreign collaboration agreements, both financial and technical, entered into after January 12, 2005, have been exempted from this stipulation. This is because such joint venture agreements are expected to include a conflict of interest? lause, so as to safeguard the interests of joint venture partners, in the eve ntidet of one of the partners desiring to position up another joint venture or a wholly owned subsidiary in the same field of economic activity. 1. 4 fivesome categories of investments have, however, been exempted from the requirement of Government approval, even though the foreign investor may be having a joint venture/ technology transfer/ trademark agreement in the same field.These are a) Investments to be made by Venture Capital Funds registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI ), b)Investments by Multinational Financial Institutions like the Asiatic Development Bank (ADB), planetary Finance Corporation(IFC), Commonwealth Finance Corporation (CDC), Deutsche Entwicklungs Gescelschaft (DEG), c) Where, in the existing joint venture, investment by either of the parties is less than 3 per cent d)Where the existing joint venture / collaboration is defunct or sick and e) Investments in the Information Technology or mining sectors. 2. 0 2. 1EVOLUTION OF THE PRE SENT REGIME PRESS argument 18 (1998 SERIES) In iron out handbill 18 (1998 series), Government tidy sum out the following guidelines for approval of foreign / technical collaborations, under the automatic route, in cases where previous ventures/ tie-ups existed within India. a) Automatic route for bringing in FDI and/or technology collaboration agreements (including trade-mark agreements), would not be procurable to those who have or had any previous joint-venture or technology transfer/trade-mark agreement, in the same? or allied? field, in India. TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected om 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration b) Government approval route was, necessary in such cases. Detailed circumstances under which it was found necessary to set-up a new joint venture/enter into new technology transfer (including trade-mark) were required to be furnished at the time of seeking approval. c) The onus was clearly on such investors/technology suppliers, to provide the requisite justification /proof, to the satisfaction of the Government, that the new proposal would not, in any manner, jeopardize the interests of the existing joint-venture or technology/trade-mark partner or other stakeholders.It was at the sole discretion of the FIPB/ PAB, to either approve the application with or without conditions or to stand firm it in toto, duly recording the reasons for doing so. 2. 2 PRESS NOTE 10 (1999 SERIES) oppose label 10 (1999 series) defined the meaning of the terms same field and allied field as under o o same field four-digit NIC 1987code allied field three-digit NIC 1987codeThe Press refer further clarified that, only proposals for foreign collaboration, falling under same four-digit or three-digit classifications, in terms of their past or existing joint ventures in India, would attract the provisions of Press mark 18 (1998 series). 2. 3 PRESS NOTE 2 (2000 SERIES) With a view to further liberalize the FDI regime, the Govern ment issued Press get down 2 (2000 series), wherein all activities were placed under the automatic route for FDI, except for a specified negative list. Sector-specific guidelines were attached to this Press production line.In respect of the mining sector, it was mentioned that the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series) would not be applicable for circumstance up 100% owned subsidiaries, subject to a declaration from the applicant that he had no existing joint-venture for the same area and/ or the particular mineral. 2. 4 PRESS NOTE 8 (2000 SERIES) Press Note 8 (2000 series), recognized the special nature and needs of the IT sector. With a view to further simplify approval procedures and facilitate greater investment inflows into the IT sector in the country, FDI proposals elating to the IT sector were exempted from the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series). 2. 5 PRESS NOTE 1 (2001 SERIES) This Press Note provided for exemptions from the provisions of Press Note 18 for inve stments made in domestic companies by International Financial Institutions, such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Finance Corporation (IFC), Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC), Deutsche Entwicklungs Gescelschaft (DEG) etc.Accordingly, such International Financial Institutions were permitted to invest in domestic companies, through the automatic route, subject to SEBI/ RBI regulations and sector-specific caps on FDI. TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration 2. 6 PRESS NOTE 1 (2005 SERIES) 1. Following the introduction of Press Note 18 (1998 series), certain representations were made by foreign investors. They pointed out that a) The Press Note had the effect of overriding the contractual terms agreed to with the Indian partners. ) Domestic investors were using the provisions of the Press Note as a means of extracting unreasonable prices / commercial advantage. The Press Note was, thus, becomi ng a stumbling stop over for further FDI coming into the country. c) The term allied field was very widely defined, as it included even those products which would not have caused peril to the manufacture of existing products. d) Foreign investors were being singled out to present their defence, without the Indian partner being asked to justify the cosmea of jeopardy. . Press Note 1 (2005 series), issued on 12 January, 2005, address these issues by amending the earlier guidelines. New proposals for foreign investment/technical collaboration were allowed under the automatic route, subject to sectoral policies and the following revised guidelines a) Prior approval of the Government would be required only in cases where the foreign investor had a joint venture or technology transfer/trademark agreement in the same field, existing as on the date of the Press Note i. . 12 January, 2005. b) The onus to provide requisite justification and proof, to the satisfaction of the Government, tha t the new proposal would or would not, in any way, jeopardize the interests of the existing joint-venture or technology/ trademark partner or other stakeholders, would lie equally on the foreign investor/ technology supplier and the Indian partner. ) Even in cases where the foreign investor had a joint-venture or technology transfer/ trademark agreement in the same field, prior approval of the Government would not be required in the following cases Investments to be made by Venture Capital Funds registered with the Security and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) or ii) where in the existing joint-venture investment by either of the parties was less than 3% or iii) where the existing venture/ collaboration was defunct or sick i) d) In so far as joint ventures to be entered into after the date of the Press Note were concerned, the joint venture agreements could embody a conflict of interest clause, to safeguard the interests of joint-venture partners, in the event of one of the partners d esiring to set up another joint-venture or a wholly-owned-subsidiary, in the same field of economic activity. 2. 7 PRESS NOTE 3 (2005 SERIES) TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Subsequently, Press Note 3 (2005 series), issued on 15 March, 2005, clarified that a) For the purposes of Press Note 1 (2005 Series), the definition of same? field would continue to be 4-digit NIC 1987 Code. ) Proposals in the Information Technology sector, and the mining sector, continued to remain exempt from the application of Press Note 1 (2005 Series). c) For the purpose of avoiding any ambiguity, it was further reiterated that, jointventures/technology transfer/trademark agreements, existing on the date of issue of the said Press Note (i. e. 12. 1. 2005), would be treated as existing jointventures/technology transfer/trademark agreements, for the purposes of that Press Note. 3. 0 APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS IN PRACTICE 3. 1 FIPB considered 566 proposals during the calendar year 2009, out of which 16% related to matters linked with Press Notes 1 and 3 of 2005, wherein the applicants had a joint-venture / technology transfer agreement, with an Indian partner, as on 12 January, 2005. 3. Some of the principles emerging from the cases discussed in the FIPB 1 are set out below a) In case the existing joint-venture has become defunct, there may not be any jeopardy to the Indian partner, in case the foreign collaborator wishes to set up a new venture. b) Jeopardy? should not be invoked as a measure to asphyxiate legitimate business activity and prevent competition. The issue of jeopardy? has to be examined in light of the extant business agreements/arrangements between the parties. c) Jeopardy? may not be established in cases where technology demonstrate agreements have expired, as per terms mutually agreed by the joint-venture partners. d) In location specific projects/ activities, the ideal of jeopardy? canno t be extended beyond the area originally envisaged in the agreement. In such cases, jeopardy? eeds to be viewed in a location-specific context. 3. 3 The FIPB Review, 2009 has observed that While critics may feel that Press Note 1 has outlived its utility, the high pitched debate on the issue of jeopardy and Indian JV partners alleging foul play by the foreign collaborator cannot make us oblivious to its continuing relevance. 4. 0 PRACTICES IN OTHER EMERGING MARKETS (CHINA AND BRAZIL) 1 FIPB Review, 2009 TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Emerging economies, such as Brazil and China, do not have any such corresponding requirements, under their foreign investment regimes. 5. CONCERNS RELATED TO LIBERALISING THE EXISTING VENTURE/ TIE-UP CONDITION 5. 1 In 1998, the main policy concern was to protect the interests of domestic jointventure partners/ technology collaborators, who may have been less advantageously pla ced, in comparison to their foreign counterparts, insofar as their ability to influence the terms of future business engagement were concerned. It was felt that an piece of Government oversight was necessary, so that future collaborations were subjected to the test of jeopardy? and existing domestic joint-venture partners/ technology collaborators were not placed in a position wherein their extract was threatened. 5. This policy framework was relaxed in 2005, while maintaining a balance between the need to promise healthy foreign investment inflows and the need to ensure that survival of the domestic industry was not threatened. The main elements of the existing venture/ tie-up condition? were retained, underlining Government? s concerns most ensuring the continued sustenance and growth of the domestic joint-venture partners/ technology collaborators, in collaboration with their foreign partners. 6. 0 THE CASE FOR REVIEW OF THE EXTANT REGIME 6. 1 The existing venture/ tie-up con dition? has now been in existence, as a formal measure under the FDI policy, for nearly twelve years. It was last reviewed in 2005.There is a need to examine whether such a conditionality continues to be relevant in the present day context. 6. 2 The existing venture/ tie-up condition? topically applies only to those joint-ventures which have been in existence as on or prior to 12 January, 2005. With more than five years having elapsed, it can be argued that the issue of jeopardy? is, no longer relevant, as the Indian partners could have re scotched their investments substantially during this period of time. 6. 3 The Indian industry today is in a much stronger position than it was in the 1990s, when the condition was first introduced. It, therefore, needs to be seen whether there is a need to continue with the elements of such a regime even today. 6. Further, industry has to increasingly become more competitive. This is particularly relevant in an era of globalization, where a numbe r of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Comprehensive Economic Cooperation/ Partnership Agreements (CEPAs/CEPAs) are in place . In such a scenario, if an industry is discouraged from being set up in India, it could be set up in a neighbouring country, with whom a trade agreement exists or is being negotiated. Competition today, is not only between domestic players inter se but also between transnational and domestic players. cast out of goods from some of countries has posed serious threats to the survival of domestic industries.Between 1992 and 2010 (May), the Directorate General for anti Dumping (DGAD) has initiated anti-dumping investigations into 253 cases involving 38 countries/territories (considering 27 EC countries as a single territory). The major product categories on which anti-dumping calling has been levied are chemicals & petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, fibres /yarns, steel and other metal products and consumer goods. TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com email protected com 09769134554 Article on Foreign Collaboration Limiting global technology agreements through measures described above may constrain the growth of strong and competitive domestic industries. 6. It is also a moot point whether Government policy should intervene in the commercial subject and override contractual terms agreed to between the parties, given the need to promote healthy competition, and ensure sustained long-term economic growth. It can be argued that Government should not be concerned about commercial issues between two business partners. 6. 6 The measure discriminates between the foreign investors who had shown confidence in India, by investing in the country prior to 2005 and those who invested later. 6. 7 The condition may be constraining a number of investors, who may not be able to reach agreement with their Indian partners on their future investment plans, thereby restricting the inflow of foreign capital and technology into the country. 6. 8 A related issue is the concept of same field?.Press Note 1 of 2005 significantly limited the image of the provisions of Press Note 18 (1998 series), as the latter applied only to the same field and not the much wider allied field. However, in the present day context, even the concept of same field may not be an accurate indicator for determining whether the new venture would jeopardize the interest of the existing joint-venture partner. This is because , the NIC four digit Codes, even after revision , may still not fully reflect the complexities related to the concept of the same? industry and may often tend to cover a wide range of industrial activities under the same head. As an example, the activity of manufacturing of seat belts? may not jeopardize the activity of manufacturing of car steering?.However, both fall under the same field? under the NIC Code of 1987. Further, the NIC Codes of 1987 may not accurately represent many of the business situations in the current complex and diversi fied industrial environment, leading to difficulties in interpretation. 7. 0 POLICY OPTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION 7. 1 For the reasons mentioned in Paras 6. 1 to 6. 8, should the existing venture/ tie-up conditions? last amended in Press Notes 1 and 3 of 2005 and now included as paragraph 4. 2. 2 of Circular 1 of 2010 be totally abolished? 7. 2 Alternatively, if it is felt that such a condition should continue for some more time, should calibrated relaxations be introduced ?These could include exemptions from the application of the condition in cases where a) The existing venture/tie up is more than say 10 years old b) If the activity of the new venture is demonstrably different from the activity of the existing venture/tie up, even though it has the same NIC field. Are there any other contingencies where such exemptions should be considered? The article is contributed by CA. Sudha G. Bhushan, She is a Chartered Accountant and a company secretary. She is advisor to many international c ompanies on international tax matters and FEMA Advisory services. She can be reached at emailprotected com. TAXPERT Professionals www. taxpertpro. com emailprotected com 09769134554